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Hemp and material
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Hemp is one of the oldest and most versatile, cultivated plants known to humanity. It has been an economically important deliverer of fibres, food and medicine for more than six thousand years. Hemp was grown in almost all European and Asian countries and posed an important , if not maybe the most important raw material for making ropes, canvas, textiles for clothes, paper and oil products. The historic significance of hemp as a raw material is also based on it's usage as a technical textile. In this area, hanf has written history repeatedly.
In China just about 2.800 B.C, the first rope in the world was twisted out of hemp fibres and at the same time, the first paper was created out of hemp. There are indications that in the 28th century B.C. China, clothes were also made out of hemp fibres. The oldest, preserved textile is dated back to approx. 1000 B.C. In the 17th century at the pinnacle of sailing, hemp experienced it's heyday in Europe. Because of it being tearproof and it's wet strength almost all ship's sails and all rigging, ropes, nets, flags, and even the uniforms of the seamen were made of hemp. Every two years ships required between 50 and 100 tons of hemp fibres for standard equipment. Into the 18th century hemp fibres together with flax, nettle und wool were the central raw materials of the European textile industry. For paper production, pulp was produced out of rags.
The decline of the German and European hemp industry began in the 18th century and continued well ‘till the end of the 20th century, at which time, hemp became nearly insignificant - only recently, interest in hemp has revived strongly. Reasons for the downfall: because of the cotton spinnery industrialisation, cotton commenced a victorious, worldwide conquest. The strong reduction of sailing then hit the hemp industry additionally. After the middle of the 19th century, when making pulp out of wood was invented, hemp then lost its significance for the paper industry. Finally, the European hemp fibers were pressured by imported fibers e.g. jute, sisal, abaca and hemp from Russia; in the 20th century, synthetic fibers conquered most remaining technical fields of application.
At the same time, because of the marijuana prohibition, commercial hemp was put under pressure: in many countries hemp, regardless if commercial or drug hemp, was prohibited and remains partially forbidden today. Only since the 90ties, the prohibition for commercial hemp was lifted in many countries and those new areas of use became popular, where hemp fibres for technical, ecological and economical reasons, could capture new markets. Hemp seed was also rediscovered in the 90ties and new products such as hulled hemp seed were subsequently developed.
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The hemp forms the family of the Cannabaceae (Cannabina-ceae), that is among the order of the Urticales, together with the hop. Recently, the family of the Cannabaceae was drawn in, and her/its/their types are put to the family of the Moraceae.
As original-area of the hemp, central-Asia is regarded, from where itself from him/it over the whole world, with exception of desert, tropics and polar-area, spread. Hemp is an one year old plant, that forms only one stems, that can reach a height of 2-7 meters according to kind and location and are branched more or less.
Hemp is a diözische (branch-bad-like) plant. The male plants (Femelhanf) are more weakly than the female (hemp-hen) ones, that are branched and more densely leafy, developed as well as later, ripen. Not rarely, sexual inter-forms (Intersexe) occur, that are hereditary. Female growth-forms with female and male blooms (feminine Monözisten) leave themselves it as well as. exclusively with male blooms (feminine males) and male growth-forms with female and male blooms (masculine Monözisten) as well as. exclusively female blooms (masculine females) distinguish.
From her/it 30 to 40 cm long, strongly verholzten, spindle-shaped taproot sets aside numerous, partly very powerful side-roots.
You/they gain a length of 200 cm and durchwurzeln until into a depth of 115 cm the ground, at good grounds also until 200 cm. Although the root-system appears powerfully, it is relatively weakly developed in the relationship into the size and the speed, with which the upper parts grow.
He/it becomes green, is verholzende stem with hair and glands in the age busy and has an angular form. The diameter amounts according to seed-density 6 until 60 mm. Originate in the Phloem (bast-part) through primary growth 15 until 35 fiber-bundles, that enclose the entire wood-part in one to two rows. The primary fiber-bundles pull through the whole shoot, while the secondary ones, that first later. is positioned, only until half the stem is enough and inferior is. The harvest at long-fiber-bundles as well up to 200 cm of length and consequently the profit at high-quality fiber-property therefore depends from the share of the primarily-fiber-bundles.
The langgestielten, tiefgefingerten leaves with dark-green waiter - and pale-green underside consists lanzettlichen leaf-fingers narrowly from 1 to 11, normally 5 until 9 toothed ones. Waiter and underside is with glands and hair busy.
The small inconspicuous inflorescences (Trugdolden as well as. Rispen) are in the shoulders of the upper foliage-leaves. The male blooms only consist of ever five hanging dust-leaves and just as many Hüllblättern. The female blooms possess a reduced Perianth (bloom-cover), that the upper-continuous one(s), from two fruit-leaves of formed ovaries basal cup-nicely surrounds. You/they are enclosed by a Tragblatt hood-nicely also with the maturity. Two long slate pencil-branches protrude from the Tragblatt. The dusting takes place through the wind.
The lonesome-y, upper-continuous one, roundish gestielte Schließfrucht is marked as nut. She/it is 2 to 6 mm long and has a diameter from 2 to 4 mm. He/it at both light and with darkness (tagneutral) of germinating seeds possesses a hook-nicely bent embryo, who earns the largest part of the seed.
Hemp grows the best in zones with restrained climate (13 to 22 degree Celsius), tolerates also higher or lower temperatures, however. Young plants tolerate easy night-frost of -3 to -5 degree Celsius. .
Hemp is suitable for the cultivation in the restrained zones, in the Mediterranean-area and in the subtropics (Körber-Grohne) been consequently 1988).
Meyer's encyclopedia from the year 1868 reports quite positively on this of German hemp: "In Germany, the hemp is built excellently in Baden, in the Rhine-level and in the Thälern of the black-forest. (...) Also in Westphalen, much and good hemp are built Hanover, Thuringia, Swabia and several areas of Germany, spun and processed to canvas." Even further in the north, hemp thrives: "The king-salvor hemp is from excellent kindliness (...), the ropes or nets manufactured from it don't rot, and for him/it therefore is very much looked."
(Quellen: Reuter 1987; Nova-Institut; Meyer´s; Hempro Int.)
Why hemp?
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Hemp belongs to the mankind's oldest and most diverse culture-plants. He/it was over six millennia an economically important supplier for fibers, food and medicine. Hemp was grown in almost all European and Asian countries and represented an important one, partially the most important raw material-source for the manufacture of ropes, canvas, clothing-textiles, paper and oil-products. The historical meaning of the raw material hemp is founded above all on the utilization of the fiber as technical textile. Here, hemp repeated history written.
In China became, for example 2.800 v. Chr. the first ropes of the world of hemp-fibers turned and approximately 100 v. Chr. the first paper of the world of hemp-fibers scooped. There are even hints that already in China in the 28. Jahrh. v. Chr. Clothes were manufactured out of hemp-fibers. The eldest gotten hemp-textile becomes on about. 1.000 v. Chr. date. In the 17. century, to the weddings of the sail-shipping, the hemp experienced his/its prime in Europe. Almost all ship-sails and almost all tackle, ropes, nets, flags until to the uniforms of the sailors were produced tears and wet-solidity on the basis of he/it out of hemp. Each ship required for his/its reason-provisions of every two years 50 until 100 t hemp-fibers. Until in the 18. Jahrh. if hemp-fibers were the raw materials of the European textile-industry together with flax, nettle and wool. From the discords (rags), cellulose was produced for the paper-production.
The decline of this of German and European hemp-economy began in the 18. Jahrh. and sat as far as at the end of this 20. Jahrh. away, where hemp became almost insignificant - only in the last years grew again strongly the interest in hemp. Causes of the decline: Through the mechanization of the cotton-mill, the cotton started her/its/their triumphal march around the world. The strong decline of the sail-shipping met the hemp-economy additionally. After middle of this 19. Jahrh. the manufacture of cellulose had been made up out of wood that hemp lost also his/its meaning for the paper-industry. Finally, the European hemp-fibers turned out for jute, sisal, Abaca and hemp from Russia under pressure through the import-fibers; in the 20. Jahrh. synthetic fibers then conquered the technical use-areas.
Simultaneously, the usefulness-hemp got because of the marijuana-prohibition under pressure: The hemp-cultivation, independent from it, became in many countries of the earth, whether it itself about usefulness, or drug-hemp acted - prohibited and partially is it until today. Only in the 90er years, the cultivation-prohibitions became lifted in many countries for usefulness-hemp and new application-fields visible, where hemp-fibers for technical, ecological and economic reasons can conquer new markets. Also the hempseeds were rediscovered in the 90er years and were developed new products like skinned hempseeds.
